Hi Tech Programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hi Tech Programs - Research Paper ExampleThe role of government is a hope for the success of the EHR in the forms of mandates, subsidies and policy directives (Wulsin and Dougherty, 2008). The use of electronic health record is more common in USA as compared to other countries. home(a) Coordinator office in USA published the regulation related with HERs objectives. These standards stated purpose of the HER system in terms of objectives like the list of patients for medication, and incentive payments. Governments standards are same for the hospital management and physicians. There are 20 standards for hospitals and 21 standards for the physicians (Gray et al., 2011).Physicians, clinicians and hospital management can earn more money if they apportion the patients on Medicaid or Medicare. The Electronic Health Record provides the forum to all players in health management sharing the medications, problems, allergies and their test results. Responsibilities include as the tribute of i ndividual patients data in terms of the test results codification (Halamka,

What Highschool Is Essay Example for Free

What High teach Is EssayTheodore R. Sizer in his essay What High take aim Is begins with an illustration, a detailed account of the opening of the day at a steep school, following one student named Mark, sixteen years of age, as he arrives at school, greets his friends, and goes to class. This section is a rather dry utilization of his schedule on this particular day, with some vivid descriptions of the classes, the other students, and the different elements of the school day. This entire section runs four and a half pages and serves as the world to the entire essay. This is a daring and not entirely satisfactory approach.There is nothing ahead of this description to assure the reader that the entire essay depart not consist of this detailing of one students day, though in fact the essay has something else in mind if it can hold the attention of the reader until the designer gets to it. He might have offered some more traditional introductory remarks to indicate that he ha s a purpose in telling this lengthy story, which would benefit him mileage with many, but instead he just launched into it and continues through to the end of the day. After this, of course, comes what might be considered a moreThe reading What High School Is by Theodore R. Sizer accurately depicts an average day for a high school student, but fails to show some of the most critical things about what high school is. A large portion of the reading tells about the average day of a student named Mark. This portion of the story is the focus of my response. Although the description of his day is sanely accurate, it fails to show the emotion and feelings of that day. The story only describes what he does in his classes and not what he thinks about those classes. The story over simplifies what high school is to each singular student. Although most students probably follow about the same schedule, the way that student reacts towards his classes, teachers, students, and administrators var ies greatly. While one student might enjoy his or her schedule and teachers, some other student with the same classes might hate school because of it. Another very significant part of high school that Sizer fails to mention is the favorable aspect.One of the near important skills learned in high school is social interaction. Sizer barely mentions that the part of the day that most students learn the most, and look forward to the most, is their lunch and going away periods. Most students opinions on high school and whether or not it was a thoroughly experience for them greatly depends upon how well they can socialize during these times of the day. If a individual was to ask an outcast what they thought of their high school they would most likely relate the experience as a negative one. However, if a person was to ask someone who even had some social interactions that person would most likely have had a positive high school experience.Overall, Sizer does a good job of showing th e class experiences of a student but fails to even mention one of the most important factors in that students high school career, their social interactions.i comp permitely agree with you on the part about high school experience, and that is something that always differs from all of us. now going back to what schools are doing it can clearly be seen that depending on the location of the school, it is how the kids would learn to be socially aware citizens and critical thinkers. unfortunately not many of the schools are doing this.. but why? should we let our kids fail on their own so that they become responsible?I think its fine that the author didnt include Marks feelings or how high school social life is very important. Thats not the focus of his essay. He is pointing out that the public education system is failing to provide true pedant and humanistic substance for students. Schools say they want to teach moral and ethical values and self-realization to students, but do very lit tle in those say goals. Yes, a lot of us have had wholesome high school experiences but thats because weve made great friends and been around great people. What about great teachers or administators? What are they doing to give students a valuable education experience?

Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

Impact of injury Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior EssayImpact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying BehaviorImpact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhammad 1 2 Mudasar Ghafoor, 3Hafiz Kashif Iqbal, 4Qasim Ali, 4Hira Hunbal, 4Muhammad Noman and 4Bilal Ahmad1Institute of blood line Administration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dean Economics and Management Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2School of Business, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom 3School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan 4Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Submitted Apr 27, 2013 Accepted Jun 3, 2013 Published Jun 20, 2013 Abstract Brand image and advertizement play a crucial power to boost up any concern performance as brand image is an implied tool which toilet positively cha nge peoples get behaviors and advertisement is behaving as a driving force for any business as its an effective reference work to convey your message and stay in customers mind. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior in the general public at Gujranwala city. Questionnaire survey was theatrical roled to collect the data by using non probability convenient sampling technique. A sample of 200 questionnaires was used in which 175 responses were collected within the period of one month. Findings show that brand image and advertisement have healthful positive influence and significant dealingship with Consumer buying behavior. People perceive the brand image with positive attitude. Study depicted that teenagers in Gujranwala are much conscious about their social status so they prefer branded products and advertisement affects their Consumer Buying Behavior positively. In the last of article limitations of s earch, implications and suggestions for further research also included.Key words Brand image Advertisement Consumer Buying Behavior INTRODUCTION can build long term profitable relations with customers. People in our society are so conscious about their any business can positively affect the behaviors of status and they prefer to use branded products to show people regarding brand image, satisfaction and loyalty. off their status symbol.Brand is considered as implied At present time in global and uphill markets device through which any business can attain the business war is not only on price but customer hook, attraction of people and can enjoy the competitive edge. loyalty and relationship matters a lot. Companies are so In our local scenario it also considered as a rich asset conscious about their customers satisfaction. for any business as it can change peoples buying Advertisement plays a crucial role for any business to behavior. It can play a vital role to expand any busines s. boost up its performance graph as it is a powerful strategy Brand image development is a long term process and it to attract your customers toward your product.In can prove a infrangible weapon to fight with your competitors. Pakistan advertisement also becoming a driving force for Customers rely on branded products and mostly prefer to any business because it can force people to change their buy products with well known brand name. Marketing behavior regarding your product in positive sense. valuable strategies and tools can develop the brand of Advertisement is a dominant and leading weapon in all any product. If brand is managed in effective ways, a merchandising tools due to its positive impact on consumers business can enjoy maximum number of customers and buying behavior. Its an effective way to communicate consume quality of products and social

Empowerment on Girl Child Essay Example for Free

Empower workforcet on Girl Child EssayWith sacrificing family resources to educate a girl child and a potential future leader still a big societal challenge, any effort to see the education of a girl is a grand boon. So when millions of dollars atomic number 18 poured into the effort, the impact cannot be overemphasised. The Campaign for Female Education (Camfed), introduced some few years corroborate, has seen remarkable change of fortunes to many a campestral folk. Now, a US$19 million bursary programme has been launched to benefit 24 000 girls from disadvantaged families in rural Guruve, Mashonaland Central. The launch was conducted at colourful ceremony at Chifamba Secondary School in the area recently. With testimonies of previous beneficiaries of the programme giving the clear picture of changed lives, more girls are set to change for the better. Already, lives have changed and tales are being told. More are coming, definitely. Twenty-five-year-old Bridget Moyo was born in the dusty village of Wedza in a polygamous family. Her mother sired six children and the other children under the genealogy of her father are incalculable. She needs to sit down and forepart them from her fathers first wife until the last.Being a girl on a polygamous family, she was not spared from challenges women as a whole face. From birth she was automatically r oddityered a future beggar. Her education was considered optional and it was the first thing to be sacrificed in a crisis. Her brothers, uncles and male cousins needs had to come first for the family. The familys future was seen to be in their hands and blood, so it was to them that the familys resources should be spent primarily. As if that was not enough, the family was so much immersed in poverty.School fees and levies were a luxury they could only dream of and there wasnt enough for the family to eat. I lost count of how many other peoples fields we worked in to make ends meet with my mother. It was not unusual for people to approach my mother and offer me a job as their housemaid, Bridget said. She said it was very tragic in that some people had the audacity to exchange her labour services with a bucket of corn whiskey a month. I am a proud member of the Johane Marange Apostolic Sect and my growing up in the church came with benefits and challenges.I feel at home hen at church where I am accepted with expectations like other girls who have to get married at a nettlesome age. In my teenage years, I was only supposed to dream about the kind of husband I was going to marry. Even if it meant dropping out of school, I did not drop out until I attained my university degree, Bridget went on to narrate her ordeal. The turning point in Bridgets life came by and by she got a bursary in the lead attending secondary education. In primary school I vividly remember being nominated a prefect before the school authorities turn the decision because I did not have a school uniform.I never had a worr y about the strategy to use to sneak back into classroom after being sent home on numerous occasions to collect the fees . Currently I am a holder of live of Science Honours Degree in Business Management and Entrepreneurship, she said. This is not the only sad tale about girls who rise from invisibility to visibility after attaining education. Another is Talent Tokoda, who grew up as an orphan and single child. Talent was born and bred in Chivhu, where her mother took care of all the family needs. It was a nightmare acquiring shoes or having a proper uniform.I struggled through primary school to finis but fortunately I lighted with five units which are a sharp contrast to the struggles I went through. Time to enrol for secondary education came and my hope was like a dim light at the far end of a tunnel which could turn off anytime. A week before I was supposed to go to secondary school, I neither had school fees nor secured a place at any school. I could spend the whole day in the garden with my mother. I got the surprise of my life when I was told that my fees were going to be paid for until I complete Advanced Level, Talent said in front of the dumbfounded crowd.She passed Advanced Level and was enrolled at the University of Zimbabwe where she is doing her final year analyze for a Bachelor in Medicine and Surgery. I am proud that I proved to doomsayers that I can achieve any goal men can achieve. In August next year I will be a qualified medical doctor, Talent said in front of the cheering crowd. This mirrors how the personality can be moulded to greatness. Guruve Districts pass rate is pegged at 25 percent with the national pass rate sit at 21 percent. Assisting the girl child with resources will help improve the pass rate at rural schools.For example, at Chifamba Secondary School the pass rate for girls is pegged at 10 percent. Research revealed that in Sub-Saharan Africa, 24 million girls cannot afford to go to school and as a result a girl may mar ry as young as 13. Camfed executive director for Zimbabwe and Malawi, Ms Angeline Murimirwa said it is vital to improve educational access, progression and completion for marginalised secondary school girls. The coverage of bursaries will span for four years in 28 rural districts including resettlement areas.The other money will picture a package of support to schools, training of school development committees and support for parents to enable children currently out of school to enrol, she said. Ms Murimirwa said it is imperative to leaven participation of women in national activities from district level. Most secondary school girls drop out of school opting to get married or as a result of lacking financial support. Organisations need to cherish marginalised communities and the idea that women constitute a greater percentage to the national population, she said.

Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid

Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrimidine-5-carboxylic AcidAntimicrobial activity of synthesized, novel hydroxamic blistery of pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acerb and its difficultes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) admixture ionsBhawani Shankar, Rashmi Tomar, Madhu Godhara, Vijay Kumar SharmaABSTRACTFour metal complexes of new hydroxamic acid, 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) metal ions have been synthesized. The hydroxamic acid and its metal complexes were characterized by simple analytical techniques such as repeated melting point (M.P.) determination, elemental analysis, running their thin layer chromatography for single spot, and spectroscopic techniques such as I.R., H1-NMR and UV-Vis. (only for metal chelates) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity of the hydroxamic acid and their metal complexes were screened against two species of bacteria and two species of fungi by serial publi cation Dilution Method. Metal complexes were found more than active against both bacteria as intimately as fungi in germicide screening test.KeywordsHydroxamic acids, antimicrobial activity, metal complexesINTRODUCTIONHydroxamic acids show a wide spectrum of biological activities and generally have suffering toxicities 1-2. Hydroxamic acids are very well known for their antibacterial 3-5, antifungal 6-7, antitumor 8-9, anticancer 10, antituberculosis 11 and antimalerial 12 properties. Hydroxamic acids are inhibitors of enzymes such as prostaglandin H2 synthatase 13, peroxidase 14, urease 15 and matrix metalloproteinase 16. Cinnamohydroxamic acids are used for manipulation of the symptoms of asthma and other obstructive airway diseases which inhibit 5-lipoxygenase 17. A number of hydroxamic acid analogues have been shown to inhibit DNA (dinucleic acid) synthesis by inactivating the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) 18. Naturally occurringhydroxamic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-meth oxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) is a powerfulantibiotic present inmaize 19. Antiradical and antioxidant properties of hydroxamic acids have also been observed 20. Hydroxamic acids play important role in many chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, analytical, and industrial handle 21-25. These diverse biological activities of hydroxamic acids are due to their complexing properties towards transition metal ions 26-27. Siderophores are Fe(III) complexes of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids, involved in the processes of squeeze transport from the environment to the living organisms 28-29. Hydroxamic acids after deprotonation acts as bidentate ligands and octahedral complexes are formed through the co-ordination of two oxygen atom of the CONHO- group. This case of co-ordination have been studied with Cr(III), Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions in solid state as well as in solutions, indicating the formation of octahedral complexes 30.We report herein the synthesis, structural features and antimicrobial activity of new hydroxamic acid, 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) as well as their metal complexes 4a-d with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) metal salts.EXPERIMENTALReagents and methodsAll chemical used in the present investigation were of analytical reagent grade. 1,3- Di-p-tolylbarbituric acid was synthesized by previously known method in the laboratory. Copper acetate monohydrate, nickle acetate tetrahydrate, atomic number 27 acetate tetrahydrate and zinc acetate dihydrate were purchased from E-Merck. Tri ethyl group aminoalkane and ethyl chloroformate were purchased from Spectrochem. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride cat valium hydroxide and diethyl ether were obtained from S.D. fine chemicals limited, India. All the synthesized compounds were analysed for C, H and N by elemental analyser, model 1108 (EL-III). H1-NMR spectra (400MHz) were recorded on JNM ECX- 400P (Jeol, USA) spectrometer app ly TMS as an internal standard. IR absorption spectra were recorded in the 400-4000 cm-1 range on a Perkin-Elmer FT-IR spectrometer model 2000 employ KBr pallets. UV-Vis. spectra of metal complexes were recorded in DMSO solvent at room temperature on Simadzu Spectro Photometer model no. 1601. Melting points were determined using Buchi M-560 and are uncorrected. These reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC), on aluminium plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 (Merck). UV radiation and iodine were used as the visualizing agents.Synthesis of the hydroxamic acid2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3)Synthesis of ligand 3 was carried out in two steps as followsStep 1 Synthesis of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2).Ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) was synthesized by the reported method of Kuhne et al 31. 1,3- Di-p-tol ylbarbituric acid 5g, 0.016 mol. and triethyl amine 2.30ml, 0.0168 mol. and dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) 0.10g were dissolved in 20 ml of dichloromethane (DCM) and the solution was cooled to 00 C. Then ethyl chloroformate 1.60ml, 0.0165 mol. was added drop-wise over half an hour. The mixture was subsequently aflame for 12 hours at 00C, then, allowed to warm to the room temperature for 7 hours. The product is extracted in chloroform and dried over Na2SO4. Further, chloroform was evaporated to dryness and crude product was recrystallised from ethyl alcohol to outlet pure 2.Step 2 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) from ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2).Synthesis of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) was carried out by adopting a method similar to that exposit by Griffith et al 32. The mixture of hydroxylamine hydroc hloride 1.87g, 0.026 mol. and aqueous potassium hydroxide 2.19g, 0.039 mol. was added drop-wise to a methanolic solution of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) 5g, 0.013 mol. . The solution was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours and then acidified to pH 5.5 using 5% HCl solution. After filtration the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a solid. The crude product was recrystallised from hot pissing to yield pure compound 3.Synthesis of metal complexesSynthesis of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3).Copper acetate monohydrate 0.136g, 0.00068 mol. in cold water was added with stirring to 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) 0.50 g, 0.00136 mol. in EtOH (20 ml) in a round bottom flask. The contents were stirred for about 6 hours and then reduce to half volume under vacu o. Yellowish brown hasty of 4a was appeared after adding petroleum ether. The precipitate was filtered, washed with small amounts of Et2O and dried over CaCl2 in a vacuum desiccator.Similarly, complexes 4b of Ni(II) , 4c of Co(II) and 4d of Zn(II) with 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) were synthesized by pickings nickle acetate tetrahydrate, cobalt acetate tetrahydrate and zinc acetate dihydrate respectively.Infrared SpectraIn the IR spectra (Table 1), carbonyl stretching vibrations of hydoxamic acid exhibit a medium sharp intensity pile in the region 1660 cm-1 33. This band has shifted towards negative region 1626-1609 cm-1 in the metal complexes indicating the coordination of the ligand with the metal ion through oxygen of the carbonyl group. The symmetric N-O stretching vibrations, obtained in the region 1120 cm-1 in the IR spectra of ligands, have shifted to lower side in the IR spectra of their metal complexes sugge sting the coordination of ligand to the metal ion through oxygen of the N-O moiety 34. The strawman of water molecules within coordination sphere of all chelates were supported by broad bands in the region 3450-3280 cm-1 and 850-800 cm-1 due to stretching and deformation modes of coordinated water molecules, respectively. The port of new band in the IR spectra of metal chelates in the region 551-519 cm-1 is probable due to formation of M-O bonds 35.Table 1. IR spectral info of hydroxamic acid 3 and its metal complexes 4a-d.Compound(C=O)cm-1(C-N) cm-1(N-O) cm-1(M-O) cm-131660134911204a1609132710365514b1624135510235194c1626138410235404d162913501025541H1-NMR SpectraThe hydroxamic acid 3 shows a one proton singlet at 1.14 due to NH-O proton, probably due to magnetised anisotropy of the neighboring carbonyl group, electronegativity of nitrogen and H- bonding 36. One proton singlet in hydroxamic acid 3 appear at 2.49 due to N-OH proton 37. Due to proton exchange in D2O this signal dis appeared in the spectra indicating the possibility of OH proton. Six protons multiplet for two ArCH3 group protons of hydroxamic acid 3 appear at 2.01 2.09. The hydroxamic acids 3 show a one proton singlet due to C5H proton at 5.26. A multiplet due to eight protons of aromatic rings, Ar-H was observed at 7.17 7.20. H1-NMR of metal complexes 4a-d was not taken due to very less solubility in suitable organic solvents.UV- vis. SpectraCu(II) complexIn the electronic spectra of Cu(II) complex, 4a, three absorption bands in the region. 13157, 16949 and 23809 cm-1 have been observed, which play off to the transitions 2B1g 2A1g, 2B1g 2B2g and 2B1g 2E1g suggesting distorted octahedral geometry 38-40.Ni(II) complexThe electronic spectra of Ni(II) complex, 4b, exhibit three bonds in the region 13333, 16129 and 20833 corresponding to the transitions 3A2g 2T2g(F), 3A2g 3T1g(F), 3A2g 3T1g(P) respectively which show an octahedral geometry for these complexes 41-42.Co(II) complexIn the el ectronic spectra of Co(II) complex, 4c three absorption bands in the region 12903, 14925 and 20200 cm-1 were seen, which may correspond to the transition 4T1g 4T2g(F), 4T1g 4A2g (F) and 4T1g 4T1g(P), respectively, indicating an octahedral geometry 43-44.Zn (II) ComplexNo probative absorption was noticed in Zn(II) complex, 4d, above 400nm probably due to diamagnetic nature and completely filled d- orbitals. In the Zn(II) complex only transitions due to * and n* were seen.Antimicrobial activitySynthesized ligand 3 and metal chelates 4a-d were tested for their antimicrobial activity against two bacteria staph aureus and Escherichia coli and two fungi Aspregillus flavus and Aspergillus niger by adopting Serial Dilution Method 45-46.. The micro-organisms were cultured in nutrient agar medium 46 which was prepared by taking 6.0 gm peptone, 1.50 gm boot extract, 1.0 gm dextrose, 3.0 g yeast extract, 1.50 g agar (for slant) in 1 liter distilled water for bacteria and 10.0g peptone, 20. 0g dextrose, 20.50g agar (for slant) in 1 liter distilled water for fungi. Measured quantities of the test compounds were dissolved in propylene glycol. First set was prepared for primary screening by taking 1ml (2000g/ml) of seeded caudex (obtained by 1100 dilution of the incubated micro-organism broth culture) in 10 well cleaned sterilized test tubes and gradual dilution process was continued for all the ten tubes using a fresh pipette each time. All the above sets of tubes were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours for bacteria and at 28oC for 96 hours for fungi. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determine were determined at the end of incubation period. Active synthesized compounds, found in the primary screening were further tested for secondary screening by taking 1ml (1500g/ml) of seeded broth against all microorganisms.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this present work synthesis of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) was carried out by adding an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and potassium hydroxide drop-wise to a methanolic solution of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2). The solution was continuously stirred for 72 hours at room temperature, which on acidification give crude solid. (Scheme I). Compound 3 on stirring with different metal salts, gave corresponding metal complexes 4a-d (Scheme II).All the metal complexes obtained were solid and stable at room temperature and insoluble in most of the common organic solvents. The spectroscopic and analytical info (Table 2) are in good agreement with theoretical values for the ligand and metal complexes.Table 2. Analytical data and physical properties of the hydroxamic acid 3 and metal complexes 4a-d.S.No.CompdMolecular FormulaColorPercentage Elemental AnalysisCalc./ (Found)M.P. /D.T. (oC)Yield (%)CHN13C19H17N3O5Dark Pink62.12(61.90)4.63(4.52)11.44(11.28)1560C85%24aCu(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20Yel lowish Brown54.87(53.27)4.33(4.30)10.10(9.90)2480C71%34bNi(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20Light Pink55.22(54.70)4.39(4.25)10.13(10.10)2700C70%44cCo(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20Pink55.20(54.70)4.35(4.25)10.16(10.20)3220C75%54dZn(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20Brown54.67(53.80)4.32(4.30)10.07(9.89)3100C70%Antimicrobial ActivityThe newly synthesized hydroxamic acid 3 and its metal chelates 4a-d were tested for their antimicrobial activity against two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli and two fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The experimental results of MIC values (Table 3) show moderate activity of all the compounds against both bacteria and fungi. Further, it has been found that the metal complexes were more active than hydroxamic acid. This increased antimicrobial activity of the complexes as compared to the hydroxamic acid is probably due to the fact that chelation increases the lipophilicity of the complexes, which subsequently enhances the penetration through the lipid layer of prison c ell membrane and restricts further multiplicity of the microorganism 46. Among the metal complexes, Cu (II) complex 4a was found most active against both bacteria and fungi. The higher antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) complex may be due to higher stability constant of copper complexes.Table 3. The minimum inhibitory concentration (g/ml) MIC values of hydroxamic acid 3 and their metal complexes 4a-d.S.No.CompoundBacteriaFungiStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliAspergillus nigerAspergillus flavus1332532525032524acxxv12525025034b32550050032544c50025025032554d500250250250CONCLUSIONFour new metal chelates, 4a-d with ligand 3 have been synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometries were proposed for the prepared metal complexes. All the synthesized hydoxamic acids and their metal chelates were screened for antimicrobial activity. A comparative study of the MIC values of the ligand and its complexes show that complexes exhibit higher antimicrobial activity than free ligand. Among t he metal complexes, Cu (II) complex 4a was found most active against both bacteria and fungi.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOne of the authors Ms. Rashmi Tomar is grateful to UGC, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, for providing fellowship.REFERENCES1 AE Fazary MM Khalil AFahmy TA Tantawy, Medical journal of Islamic Academy of Science, 2001, 14(3), 109-116.2 D Kumar R Tomar, J. Inst. Chem. Ind., 2010, 82(1), 21-25.3 H Jahangirian J Harson S Silong NZ Yusof K Shameli S Eissazadeh RR Moghaddam B Mahdavi M Jafarzade, Journal of medicinal plants Research, 2011 5(19) 4826-4831.4 H Agarwal O P Agarwal R Karnawat IK Sharma PS Verma, International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2010, I(3), 1293-1299.5 AO Aliyu JN Wabueze, International J. of Physical Science, 2008, 2 (7), 167-172.6 S Sonika S Neeraj, Der Chemica Sinica, 2013, 4(3), 108-119.7 MJ Miller, Chem. 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Analyzing Various Types Of Debt Instruments Existing Finance Essay

Analyzing Various Types Of Debt Instruments Existing Finance EssayINTRODUCTIONFirst chapter describes the basis slow doing this study. Then, it examines the objectives of this study and some limitations of the study.PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this study is to analyze various types of Debt dicks existing. It aims to develop an understanding of the growth of the topic. It too includes the impact of these instruments on the expanse and on various companies.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe main objectives of this paper ar To conduct a study on the requirement of debt instrumentsTo understand why debts instruments ar master(prenominal)To analyze these instrumentsLIMITATIONS OF STUDYDue to lack of information available the graphs and the statistics shown are of previous eld (2007-2008)As the info was gathered from secondary sources, the authority of the data could not be tested.An different problem was knowledge constraint and this report is an attempt to gather as much of rele vant data as possible.However, all(prenominal) effort was made to ensure that these do not in any way adversely affect the results of the study.INTRODUCTIONThe debt trades today are a study source of financing than the banking system. It is any food trade situation where debt instruments are traded. It establishes a planned environment where the debts are traded amongst the arouseed parties. The debt foodstuffs are known by other(a) names ground on the types of instruments are traded. For framework when municipal or corporate bond are traded, debt market is called bond market whereas if notes or securities or mortgages are traded market is called credit market.The debt market is three times larger than stock/equity market. The debt markets are categorised into two other markets called money market and capital market.Money market is a subsection of the fixed income market. It specializes in short- condition debts with the matureness of one-year. Capital markets specialize in broad-term debts. It is a market in which financial instruments are traded by the institutions and exclusives. Institutions or organizations in either private or public sectors sell securities to raise funds in these markets. some(prenominal) these terms are mistakenly applied.In capital market assets (including equities) are taken into consideration and they are amortized over the design of time. Money market is more of debts which are readily sold at bell predictable within short time. But it is very difficult to distinguish amid money and non-money based on one year adulthood line.Some of the debt instruments are traded Over-the-counter and not through exchanges. They are traded in an electronic network market where the brokers or dealers act as mediators. Money markets are not accessible by small investors except through MFs.Corporate associates or groups or even individual investors may participate in the debt market. There may be very little oddment between how cor porate associates or an individual participate depending on the regulations of the government. The interest rates are the price of the money which increases with the increase in the demand to borrow money. The debt market is influenced by credit-worthiness of the borrower, term-to- adulthood, surety for loan and many an(prenominal) other factors. But government also tries to regulate the interest rates to stimulate the economies with complete focus on inflation.The main advantage of debt market is the degree of risk of infection associated with the investment opportunity is very low. For the investors who avoid participating in the riskier ventures in which there is less or smaller returns favors bonds and similar investments. A significant numerate of money is earned even of returns are not high in the debt market.WHAT ARE DEBT INSTRUMENTS?For every individual financial planning is an important task. For the preservation of tip amount the investors should distribute a major p ortion of their investments in debt instruments.A debt instrument is an electronic obligation or any paper that permits an issuing party to raise funds by assuring it to pay back a lender in accordance with the terms and conditions of a contract. The predetermined conditions which are mentioned in the contract are the period of timeicity and rate of interest and the hear of the repayments of the master(prenominal) amount.Debt instrumentsare an easier way forparticipants and markets transfer the rights ofdebt obligations from one party to another. Debt obligationtransferability increases liquidity and gives creditors a means of trading debt obligationsonthe market. Without debt instruments acting as a means to facilitate trading, debt is an obligation from one party to another. When a debt instrument is utilise as a medium to facilitate debt trading, debt obligationscan be moved from one party to another quickly and efficaciously.In Indian Securities market, the term bond is us ed for debt instrument given by Central and state government and the term debenture is used for the instruments issued by private sectors.OBJECTIVE OF DEBT INSTRUMENTPreservation of principal amount and getting modest returns is the main objective of the debt funds.Investors look for both short-term and long-term investments. There are many instruments available in the market so one can choose easily any or mix of instruments according to its requirements.FEATURES OF DEBT INSTRUMENTSThe features of the instruments areSafety of the principal amountGuaranteed returns for the investors.Some of these instruments also qualify for measure rebates under Section 80C.Currently 8-9% interest per annum are quoted for medium to long-term deposits whereas it is 6-7% returns for short-term depositsNowadays, many banks provide funds sweep-in /sweep-out facility where a balance beyond a certain limit automatically gets converted into a fixed deposit and banks pay the fixed deposit interest on it. This can be an option for a short-term horizon.There are three main features of debt instrumentsMaturityCouponPrincipalMaturityMaturity refers to the date on which the bond matures. It is the date on which the borrower agrees to repay the principal amount. Term-to-maturity refers to the number of years remaining for the bond to mature. It changes every day from the date of the issue to the maturity of the bond. It is also called the tenure or term of the bond.CouponCoupon Rate refers to the periodic payment of interest made by the issuer of the bond to the lender of the bond. Coupons are declared either by stating the number (example 8%) or with a benchmark rate (example MIBOR+0.5%). It is usually represented as a percentage of the expect evaluate or the par value of the bond.PrincipalIt is the amount which is borrowed. It is the face or the par value of the bond. The product of the coupon rate and principal is the coupon.For example a GS CG2008 11.40% bond refers to a Central Gov ernment bond maturing in the year 2008, and paying a coupon of 11.40%. Since Central Government bonds have a face value of Rs.100, and normally pay coupon semi-annually, this bond will pay Rs. 5.70 as six- monthly coupon, until maturity, when the bond will be redeemed.The term to maturity of a bond can be calculated on any date, as the distance between such a date and the date of maturity. It is also called the term or the tenor of the bond. For instance, on February 17, 2004, the term to maturity of the bond maturing on May 23, 2008 will be 4.27 years. The general day count throng in bond market is 30/360European which assumes total 360 days in a year and 30 days in a month. There is no rigid classification of bonds on the basis of their term to maturity. Generally bonds with tenors of 1-5 years are called short-term bonds bonds with tenors ranging from 4 to 10 years are medium term bonds and above 10 years are long term bonds. In India, the Central Government has issued up to 30 year bonds.CHARACTERISTICS OF DEBT INSTRUMENTSThe primary characteristics of debt instruments are yield of an instrument is easyAny company with or without past track record can issue these instrumentsRate of interest are fixed or floatingFixed commitments are imposed on servicingDebt instruments may be flexible in the period of repayment or nature of interest but they impose fixed commitments on servicing or business sector. Failure to do servicing of these instruments would be termed as default with adverse effects on the companys standing in the financial sector.Risk is lowInvestors in such instruments being creditors of the company have priority over equity and preference shareholders in receiving return (in the form of interest) in such instruments. These carries priority claim on the assets of the firm (if secured) in the event of bankruptcy.TYPES OF DEBT INSTRUMENTSThere are various debt instruments. The debt instruments can be categorized into long-term and short-term debt depending on the time for which the amount has been raise or the repayment period. The debt instruments are mentioned as followsCUsersdellDesktopdebtinst.bmpLong term Debt long-run debts are mainly bonds and debentures with the tenure greater than one year.DebenturesA debenture is an instrument of debt executed by the company acknowledging its obligation to repay the sum at a specified rate and also carrying an interest. Company can raise loan capital from debenturesA debenture is thus like a certificate of loan or a loan bond evidencing the fact that the company is liable to pay a specified amount with interest and although the money raised by the debentures becomes a part of the companys capital structure, it does not become share capital.The main characteristics of debentures areFixed interest instrument with changeable period of maturityMay or may not be listed on stock exchange, if listed they should be rated by any of the credit pass judgment agencies chosen by SEBI so-and- so be either offered for subscription or privately placedA debenture redemption reserve has to be maintained when offered for subscriptionThe period of maturity varies from 3 to 10 years and may also be more for thrusts having high gestation periodTypes of debenturesVarious types of debentures are as followsNon convertible debentures (NCD)Fully convertible debentures (FCD)partially convertible debentures (PCD)NCDs are those in which total amount if instrument in redeemed by the lender whereas FCDs are those in which the whole value of the instrument is converted into equity. The conversion price is given when the instrument is borrowed. PCDs are those in which part of the instrument is redeemed and part of it is converted into equity. Conversion price is the price of each equity share received by converting the par or face value of the debenture. The number of equity shares exchangeable per unit of the convertible security i.e. debentures is called the conversion ratio. The period of time afterward which the debenture is converted into equity is called the conversion period. The convertible instruments are generally used to stem the sudden making water of the capital at the time of maturity of the instrument causing temporary liquidity problems. Alternately, the company has to raise funds from a different source or issue fresh instruments to tide over and also has to bear the transaction costs in the process. Debentures might be either callable or puttable. due debenture is a debenture in which the issuing company has the option of redeeming the security before the specified redemption date at a pre-determined price. Similarly, a puttable security is a security where the holder of the instrument has the option of getting it redeemed before maturity.BondsA bond is a debt security in which authorized borrower or issuer owes the lender or the holder a debt and is obliged to repay the principal amount and interest at maturity. It is a loan in the form of secur ities having varying terminologies The issuer is equivalent to the borrower, the bond holder to the lender, and the coupon to the interest. It enables the issuer to finance long-term investments with external funds.Bonds and stocks are both securities, but the major difference between the two is that stock-holders are the owners of the company (i.e., they have an equity stake), whereas bond-holders are lenders to the issuing company. Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed, whereas stocks may be outstanding indefinitely. An exception is a consol bond, is a perpetuity bond (i.e., bond with no maturity).There may be many types of bonds- such as infrastructure, regular income, deep discounts or tax savings.These are instruments having fixed interest rate and a definite period of maturity. The main difference between bonds and debentures is that debenture is secured and bond is not. Hence bonds have higher rate of inter est than debentures.There are many kinds of bonds available such as vagrant rate or fixed rate bondsHigh yield bondsSubordinated bondsPerpetual bondsAsset-backed securitiesBearer bondZero Coupon bondsRegistered bondInflation linked bonds curb entry bondsMunicipal bondsWar bondLottery bondMedium term loanThese are loans extended for a period of 2 to 5 years. The purposes for which these loans are issued areShort gestation projects The short gestation projects could be for purchase of balancing equipment, for incremental expansion of capacity.Refinancing of loans in case of very long projects where the repayment of the term loans might occur prior to sufficient cash flows being generated by the project.For meeting any other medium term dearth in funding arising out of an acquisition or bulleted repayment of a large loan, etcThe methods for issuing medium term loans are similar to those required for project finance.In case of meeting a medium term mismatches not linked to a project or equipment, the financing decision would be on the basis of a cash flow analysis indicating the lead for such medium term funding and an analysis of overall profitability and financial to the business to provide lender comfort. Other than these aspects, the procedures for availing Medium Term loans follows the requirements sought by the lenders in case of Project financing/ long term lending.Public DepositsThese are those deposits that are achieved by many small and large firms from the public. The public deposits are issued mainly to finance the working capital requirements of the firm. The rate of interest offered varies with time period of the public deposits. The rate of interest which is mostly offered by the companies on the deposits made on one year is 8-9%, for two year deposits rate is 9-10% and for three years rate offered is 10-11%. For public deposits there are some rules which the companies have to follow according to Companies Amendment Rules 19783 years is the maximu m period of maturity for public deposits whereas 6 months is minimum periodFor NBFC 5 years is the maximum period of maturityThe companies need to disclose the information regarding the financial position and performance10% of the deposits need to be kept aside by the companies every year by 30th April by the companies having public deposits. This will mature by 31st contact next year.Advantages enjoyed by companiesSimple and Easy process in gaining public depositNo restrictive agreementReasonable cost incurred after taxNo collateralDisadvantagesVery limited funds raisedShort period of maturityAdvantages enjoyed by investorsHigher rate of interestShorter maturity periodDisadvantagesNo tax exemptionNo collateralShort-term debtsThe debts which are raised for less than one year are short-term debts. These are categorized into market instruments and financial assistance granted by NBFC, mercantile Banks and Term Lending Institutions focusing on the short term needs of a business.Comme rcial PaperThese are unsecured promissory notes. These are issued by those companies having high credit ratings. The maturity of CPs is 1 to 270 days. They are issued at face value and redeemed at face value. CPs can be issued by companies, which have a minimum networth of Rs.4 crores and needs a mandatory credit rating of minimum A2 (ICRA), P2 (Crisil), D2 (Duff Phelps) and PR2 (Credit Analysis Research). The rating should not be more than 2 months old. It can be issued for a minimum amount of Rs.25 lakhs and more in multiples of Rs.5 lakh.Since the companies are not pledging any collateral, only companies having high credit-worthiness are allowed to issue CPs. They are usually sold at discounts and have higher interest repayments dates than bonds.AdvantagesFlexibility in maturityLower cost of capital with high credit ratingsDisadvantagesIt brings down credit limits of the banksVery restrictive about issuance of CPsLimited to drab chip companiesInter-Corporate Deposits (ICDs)The se are funds raised by corporate companies from other corporate. This is a form of dis-intermediated financing, where corporate with surplus funding directly lend to those in need of funding of such funds and thereby save on the spreads that banks would have charged in borrowing from one to lend to the other.This is very efficient means of investment. The ICDs issuance was very poor in India. In early nineties companies raised funds from public without even identifying the projects for investments.These sums were then deployed in the ICDs market where the borrowers more often than not invested in the sounding financial assets (shares) or real estate. Often monies were lent to group companies for propping up the shares of different companies of the group. The end of the boom in financial and real assets saw significant amounts of defaults in ICDs and a virtual closure of the market.

How hector berlioz transformed the conception of the symphony

How hector berlioz transformed the conception of the symphonyHow Hector Berlioz Transformed the conception of the Symphony With his breakthrough symphony Symphony Fantastique, Hector Berlioz set the tone for a new type of composing that would amaze the 19th century. With his amazing symphony, he defined the way programmatic music was written. The in-depth story that correlated so well with the music changed the way people viewed composition and the symphony. As influential as this monster symphony was, Berliozs catalog contained many former(a) works, all influential in their own ways. It is no secret that Hector Berlioz changed that way that works were composed in the 19th century. What is even more amazing is that he changed the way people listened to works as well. Over the course of his lifetime, Berlioz composed in many several(predicate) styles and forms. This ranged from symphonies to overtures to operas. Berlioz presented a style of composing that was before this unheard of . Berlioz sought to portray the widest range of moods possible through his music, much like his idol William Shakespeare did with his literature. For his music, Berlioz enlarged the coat of the orchestra to hundreds of people to allow for the wild swings of mood. Berlioz also experimented with new instruments to achieve the range in sounds he desired the ophicleide, the English horn, the harp, the cornet, and the newly invented saxophone. Berlioz had a very unmatched approach to musical form and challenged many musical conventions. He rarely used strict sonata- allegro form or theme and variation. Although this was an interesting and modernistic measure, other composers of his time were a lot more critical. They spoke out against his pieces, calling them monstrous and bizarre, and even suggested that Berlioz was insane. Some of his most remembered works include Les Troyens (The Trojans), La Damnation of Faust, and Symphony Fantastique. Symphony Fantastique, his most celebrated wo rk, can be considered one of the single most influential compositions of the entire 19th century. Although the form and orchestration were revolutionary, whats more is the vivid story it tells, and the fact that its the first complete program symphony. The story surrounding Symphonie Fantastique, involves Harriet Smithson, one of the many loves of Hectors life. Berlioz wrote the Symphonie Fantastique, not in the usual foursome movements of a symphony, but in five, an arrangement that may cave in been inspired Shakespeares use of a five- act format. Movements 1 and 5 balance each other in length and substance, as do 2 and 4, leaving the 3rd movement as the center of the work. Berlioz creates a single melody that reappears as a unifying force, movement after movement a total of 8 times during the symphony. Berlioz takes the technique of Beethoven recalling melodies by recalling it constantly, and associating it with an object his beloved Harriet. This musical repair came to be ca lled his ide fixe (fixed idea.) As Berliozs feelings about Harriet changed from movement to movement, the ide fixe changed along with them. Symphonie Fantastique had many things the audience had never heard before December 5, 1830 when it was first contend new instruments, novel playing effects, simultaneous melodies in distinguishable keys, and a form that grows out of the events, unlike any other. Throughout the story, Symphonie Fantastique tells the story of unrequited love, seek suicide, imaginary murder, and hellish revenge. As in Symphonie Fantastique, Berlioz used his uniqueness to create many more musical works, and become somewhat of a cutting- edge composer. Berlioz alters pitches and assigns different instruments to play the different pitches, as well as adding different tones, colors, and feelings in all of his compositions. These differences, along with his effort to be unlike those before him, may have been what made Louis Hector Berlioz one of the most important co mposers of the 19th, or any century.